Kaspersky Lab researchers have investigated a global forum where cybercriminals can buy and sell access to compromised servers for as little as $6 each. The xDedic marketplace, which appears to be run by a Russian-speaking group, currently lists 70,624 hacked Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) servers for sale. Many of the servers host or provide access to popular consumer websites and services, and some even have software installed for direct mail, financial accounting and Point-of-Sale (PoS) processing. They can be used to target the owners’ infrastructures or as a launch-pad for wider attacks, while the owners, including government entities, corporations and universities, have little or no idea of what’s happening.
xDedic is a powerful example of a new kind of cybercriminal marketplace: well-organised and supported. The marketplace caters to everyone, from entry-level cybercriminals to APT groups, and provides fast, cheap and easy access to legitimate organisational infrastructure that keeps their crimes below the radar for as long as possible.
A European internet service provider (ISP) alerted Kaspersky Lab to the existence of xDedic and the companies worked together to investigate how the forum operates. The process is simple and thorough: hackers break into servers, often through brute-force attacks, and bring the credentials to xDedic. The hacked servers are then checked for their RDP configuration, memory, software, browsing history and more – all features that customers can search through before buying. Following this, they are added to a growing online inventory that includes access to:
- Servers belonging to government networks, corporations and universities
- Servers tagged for having access to or hosting certain websites and services, including gaming, betting, dating, online shopping, online banking and payment, cell phone networks, ISPs and browsers
- Servers with pre-installed software that could facilitate an attack, including direct mail, financial and PoS software
- All supported by a range of hacking and system information tools.
From as little as $6 per server, members of the xDedic forum can access a server’s data in its entirety and also use it as a platform for further malicious attacks. This could potentially include targeted attacks, malware, DDoS, phishing, social-engineering and adware attacks, among others.
The servers’ legitimate owners, namely reputable organisations including government networks, corporations and universities, are often unaware that their IT infrastructure has been compromised. Further, once a campaign has been completed, the attackers can put access to the server back up for sale and the whole process can begin again.
The xDedic marketplace seems to have opened for business some time in 2014 and has grown significantly in popularity since the middle of 2015. In May 2016, it listed 70,624 servers from 173 countries for sale, posted in the names of 416 unique sellers. The top ten countries affected are: Brazil, China, Russia, India, Spain, Italy, France, Australia, South Africa and Malaysia.
The group behind xDedic appears to be Russian-speaking and claims that it merely provides a trading platform and has no links or affiliations to the sellers.
“xDedic is further confirmation that cybercrime-as-a-service is expanding through the addition of commercial ecosystems and trading platforms. Its existence makes it easier than ever for everyone, from low-skilled malicious attackers to nation-state backed APTs, to engage in potentially devastating attacks in a way that is cheap, fast and effective. The ultimate victims are not just the consumers or organisations targeted in an attack, but also the unsuspecting owners of the servers. Additionally, the legitimate owners are likely to be completely unaware that their servers are being hijacked again and again for different attacks, all conducted right under their nose”, said Costin Raiu, Director, Global Research and Analysis Team, Kaspersky Lab.
Kaspersky Lab advises organisations to:
- Install a robust security solution as part of a comprehensive, multi-layered approach to IT infrastructure security
- Enforce the use of strong passwords as part of the server authentication process
- Implement a continuous process of patch management
- Undertake a regular security audit of the IT infrastructure
- Consider investing in threat intelligence services which will keep the organisation informed of emerging threats and offer an insight into the criminal perspective to help them assess their level of risk.
